Greetings Dear Reader!
I’ll start this post by apologizing for a rather long hiatus – not that I have evidence of being missed, just that I feel rather guilty for having been preoccupied with personal and professional concerns for a few weeks, when I had rather desired to respond to comments made on IL and address some new developments. One such comment was offered by Andy Groenwald in response to my blog post,
The NIV 2011 and the Importance of Translation Ideology. In it he raises concerns regarding post-modernism and asks what to do if the majority can’t/won’t recognize it or respond to it. My short answer is, “Start by educating the educable.” My longer answer is to begin attempting to do so with what follows. It is rather long (of course...). It is rather heady in places – but I try to use lots of examples and develop a picture of what I see is going on in the Church, and how that is, or is not, congruent with what is going on in society, and why or whether it matters.
Andy,
That Hideous Strength was a fantastic book – my father bought C.S. Lewis’
Space Trilogy for me when I was in eighth grade, I remember reading it in high-school (most of it went over my head), and re-reading it several times in college. Although it is said that these books can be read independently, I thought that Ransom’s appearance in
That Hideous Strength, with his bloody and unhealing wound, would have been nearly impossible to appreciate without having read
Out of the Silent Planet and
Perelandra. Lewis was writing against Materialistic Rationalism in nearly all of his works, but much like Orwell’s 1984 (in fact,
better than Orwell in my opinion), very vividly shows in
That Hideous Strength how the thinking of an entire society can be co-opted through language.
Funny you should mention the “Amish.” Outside of WELS, we have been ridiculed as the “Amish” Lutheran Synod – for a multitude of reasons, as you might guess. Interestingly, nearly all of the former-Amish I have ever heard of, who went to college predisposed against their own training and ill-equipped to critically receive what their professors presented to them, wound up accepting nearly everything they were confronted with there. When I have asked WELS pastors about
TELL magazine, the WELS “Community Churches”
Crossroads and
Pilgrim, and related issues of our past – older pastors, that is, who were there and knew the men involved – they have variously confirmed that the men involved were acting out of concern over our “inbred theology,” that the practice which descended from it made WELS “appear odd” to the rest of American Christianity and to American society, that these factors threatened to drive people away, and that we therefore ought to avail ourselves of the social research and theological thinking in greater Evangelicalism and incorporate what we can from it into our own theological thinking and practice (“Plunder the Egyptians”). It has been told to me, on the one hand, that these concerns were held purely in the interest of propagating the Gospel, while on the other hand it has been pointed out that this stuff emerged at the same time WELS took on overt “Church Growth” themes (“Every State by ‘78,” for instance) following its split from Missouri and the dissolution of the Synodical Conference. Either way, these “Amish Lutherans” went to college (yes, many
did go to Fuller Seminary and to similar institutions – most, it seems, went to absorb ideologies of the Church Growth Movement, while some went in order to learn what CGM is so that they could more effectively combat it), like many former Amish, they were predisposed against their former way of life, i.e., against Confessional practice (i.e., “the WELS
must change or Lutheranism will disappear”), and were willing enough to question our theology to consider alternatives (“anything short of ‘sin’”, that is). And now, here we are.
Did we absorb post-Modernism through CGM studies?Even more interestingly, if we’d remained “Amish,” if, despite concerns regarding the numerical strength of our Synod, we had continued to honor our confession and practice and to trust in the Means of Grace by
not sending our Seminary professors and Synod leaders to Evangelical schools where zeal for new teachings and methods to “grow the church” would compel them to almost uncritically adopt such thinking, we’d probably be OK. We’d probably remain relatively unaffected by both CGM and the post-Modern linguistics theories which are threatening us now with the NNIV – the next iteration of “Dynamic Equivalence” which will carry the Church even further towards the oblivion of an objectively meaningless Bible.
The fact is, the emergence of the Church Growth Movement in greater Evangelicalism coincided with the rise of post-Modernism in Western academia, and as our WELS professors and leaders went to college to study CGM, they adopted post-Modern sensibilities right along with it. Indeed, much of what makes the methods of CGM “necessary,” and thus what makes the “changes” required by CGM “necessary,” are the ideologies of communication, of language and meaning, which descend from post-Modernism. What is “relevant” after all, but that which has “meaning?” The answers offered by the Enlightenment Humanist and by the post-Modernist are mutually exclusive, the one will answer with
hyper-objectivity and the other with
hyper-subjectivity.
Post-Modernism seems to be dying in academia, but is alive and well in pop-cultureBut, post-Modernism is nearly dead in academia today – true, there are some pockets where it is holding on, so I’m told, but the principle purveyors of post-Modernism are now deceased, the next generation really hasn’t continued to rally forward under its flag, and post-Modernism itself has come under fierce attack, especially from the sciences. Many agree, it seems, that post-Modernism was merely a transitional phase from Modernism, though it is not clear to what we are transitioning
1. In other words, the problem for us today isn’t that post-Modernism has been made
the central supporting feature of Western academia. On the contrary, the problem is that post-Modernism has been made
the central supporting feature of Western
pop-culture, and from there has permeated every aspect of our society.
Post-Modern EpistemologyRather than any form of objective truth which transcends human experience, the epistemology of post-Modernism elevates the
common experience of a given social collective – also known as their
shared narrative2 – as the seat of knowledge,
necessarily stripping each individual of not only the need, but the right to be
owners of their own knowledge. Individuals don’t own knowledge. Rather, the social collective owns and controls it by holding its narrative as the measure of truth, and agreeing by consensus regarding what is true. A collective is expanded by means of
sharing its common experiences in the form of
narrative – but such “sharing” is
not merely the telling of a story. If the collective is to expand, its narrative must become part of the narrative of its new members – their
experiences must be
common. The same can be said of two social collectives which absorb one another – the narrative of the one group must be shared with the other (and
vice versa), such that each others’ narrative constitutes the one
common experience of the whole. This idea of “shared narrative” and “common experience” is important to understand, so perhaps some examples will help.
Several years ago, Ken Burn’s did a PBS series on
The Civil War. I think everyone in the nation must have watched it. It was pure post-Modernism at work. The experiences of the Civil War soldier being far removed from contemporary experience, the objective in sharing the narrative of Civil War soldiers and their families was not to merely convey data, to read what they wrote and recount what they did. In order for their narrative to be truly
shared, for their experience to
become common with the experience of the viewing audience, the viewing audience had to have an experience of their own in connection with the narrative of these deceased soldiers. So, we were all treated to black and white and sepia images fading in and then out (as if they were moving along with the story), to dramatic readings replete with realistic background sounds like cannon and gun fire, 19
th Century martial and folk music, the sounds of farm and draft animals, etc. – all of which resulted in a moving experience for the viewer. It was this experience – this
moving experience – which made the narrative of the Civil War relevant and meaningful and caused it to become part of the narrative of the viewer. Well, at least Ken Burns’ rather romanticized version of the Civil War narrative became part of the viewers’ common body of experience. But this is okay as far as post-Modernism goes. The objective in the post-Modern historical method is to elevate the narrative of the underrepresented – the common soldier of the Civil War, for example – and to convey it in such a way that those confronted with this narrative absorb it as part of their own experience. The purpose is not necessarily the conveyance of truth, but advocacy. And since human experience is necessarily involved in the reception of this new narrative, often the vehicle for conveying it looks and feels a lot like entertainment.
As another example, take a browse through Amazon Books, say, of classical authors like Livy, Gibbon, Thucydides, etc., and examine the commentary of the readers. Check out other more popular historical topics, like the Crusades, or Vietnam or the Great Depression. You can tell who the post-Modern authors are – they get comments like, “This author’s writing style was very engaging, I was immediately engrossed and carried along by this fast paced and exciting history. It was full of details I had never known before – it is amazing how many facts this author was able to pack into 150 pages! I feel that I truly have a firm grasp on the history of the Thirty Years War. I feel that this author is an excellent historian. Five Stars!!!” (and no, I don’t think C.V. Wedgewood ever received that kind of glowing review...) Every now and then, you’ll read a serious historian who simply can’t take it, respond to this kind of analysis by saying, “Just because you found it entertaining doesn’t mean it is good history...”
Pop-Culture, post-Modernism, and the Church Militant
These are the products of pop-culture – works of entertainment passed off as genuine art or scholarship. Pop-culture, it must be realized, is not really a culture at all. It is a marketplace created by commercial interests in which entertainment and related goods and services are sold. Having emerged in the mid-1950’s as a means to recover the vast quantities of disposable income possessed by the middle-class, which had also just emerged from the uneducated lower class as a result of post-war prosperity, the phenomenon of Western pop-culture is unique in the history of the West, which prior to this had largely been divided into two main categories of culture – high culture and folk culture. More to the point, this marketplace emerged and matured right along with post-Modernism, just as CGM did, and it is this marketplace which mainly does the work of propping up and perpetuating post-Modernism today. Why? Post-Modernism grants pop-culture inherent meaning in what it produces:
experiences. By virtue of the entertainment experiences it produces, its consumers derive meaning from it.
This has real impact in our small corner of the Church Militant, since our professors and leaders sought CGM training which, on the basis of post-Modernism as it was being promoted in academia at the time, and which is perpetuated in pop-culture today,
directs the church to accept the leadership of society in its collective thinking and expression, rather than stand apart from and above it as we strive to preserve the Truth of which we are divine Ambassadors. While perhaps they can be faulted for seeking CGM training, however, it’s impossible to fault them for absorbing and becoming enamoured with post-Modernism (probably without even knowing it). It was only in the 1990’s that Evangelicals themselves began to recognize and analyze what was going on, how post-Modernism was impacting Evangelicalism and threatened to rob Christianity of the power of language itself, but it was mostly too late.
A Brief Primer on Post-Modernism, using familiar examplesIt was during the 1990’s, as a Graduate student studying Education, when I picked up one such analysis, which remains what I consider to be the most helpful primer on post-Modernism I’ve yet read:
The Death of Truth, by Rev. Dennis McCallum (Ed.). A collection of well-documented essays contributed by experts in Literature, Education, History, Medicine, Psychology, Law and Science, it begins by distinguishing post-Modernism from Modernism, examines the already established impact of post-Modernism in each of these fields, and emphasizes the dire implications for Christianity. I highly recommend it to all Christian readers, even today. In Chapter 13, McCallum (the General Editor) and a fellow contributing essayist directly examine “the ideas of post-Modern religionists”
3 – most of which we in WELS have either lived through, or are dealing with directly today. I cover three such ideas from this chapter, as follows:
- Christianity as Gnosticism
: In 1979, Elaine Pagels published
The Gnostic Gospels... Following a predictable post-Modern scenario, Pagels holds that Gnosticism represented a valid Christian tradition but was oppressed by the powerful orthodox church... [which] used apostolic authority and teachings as an instrument of repression against Gnostic Christians. She argues that once we understand the
politics of orthodoxy, the
doctrine of orthodoxy loses its force. Truth claims turn out to be politics,
viz., [quoting from
The Gnostic Gospels] “When we examine its practical effect on the Christian movement, we can see, paradoxically, that the doctrine of the bodily resurrection also serves an essential political function: it legitimizes the authority of certain men who claim to exercise exclusive leadership over the churches...”
4This emphasis on understanding the “politics” of orthodoxy in order to properly attenuate the force of its doctrine elevates the subjective (and often incomplete) narrative of those outside of the “ruling” class, and uses their experience of “oppression” to color the value of objective doctrine. This is the post-Modern historical method (analyzed in another chapter of McCallum’s volume), which is not so much interested in the truth of historical fact as it is in elevating the narrative of underrepresented classes of people so that it can be
shared and become part of the broader human narrative. And we see the same politically-conscious dismissal of orthodoxy – resentment of it in some cases – at work among us today. The Efficacy of the Word, the Means of Grace, Fellowship, even the Lutheran “formula” of Law and Gospel are either abandoned or compromised in favor of alternative and “more effective” methods which are thought to be more consistent with, and hence more relevant to, the narrative of those with whom communication and relationship is desired. Since, under post-Modernism, knowledge is neither objective nor exists
a priori but is a
social construction, common access to a body of knowledge requires
common experience among the individuals desiring it, or to whom it is desired to be conveyed. Moreover, since, under post-Modernism, the proliferation of knowledge requires the expansion of
common experience or
shared narrative, post-Modern Christians pursue and celebrate political freedom from the strictures of oppressive doctrine, and elevate human experience in its place – experience which is calculated to resonate with an intended community of believers, or prospective believers, whose narratives would otherwise go unknown and unabsorbed into the believing community. The result, for them, is a perpetually changing body of
common experience, a perpetually changing body of knowledge, and a perpetually changing concept of truth and reality – all of which post-Modern Christians are quite comfortable with.
- Religion as Myth
: Joseph Campbell’s very popular PBS series
The Power of Myth presents us with a view that all religions are essentially the same, if we understand them properly. The unity of religion rests on the fact that they speak to deep human need and experience. Once we see that every religion is simply a mythological framework for self discovery, all final distinctions between religions evaporate...
[quoting from The Power of Myth] “All of these wonderful poetic images of mythology are referring to something in you. When your mind is simply trapped by the image out there so that you never make the reference to yourself, you have misread the image... The person who thinks he has found the ultimate truth is wrong. There is an often-quoted verse in Sanskrit, which appears in the Chinese Tao-te ching as well: ‘He who thinks he knows, doesn’t know. He who knows that he doesn’t know, knows. For in this context, to know is not to know. And not to know is to know.’... The mission in life is to live that potentiality. How do you do it? My answer is, ‘Follow your bliss.’ There’s something inside you that knows when you’re in the center, that knows when you’re on the beam or off the beam.”5
Here is the
hyper-subjectivity of post-Modernism, of hedonistic self-reference. More than, “Do what pleases you,” the very measure of truth is how fully and deeply one experiences pleasure in association with it. But what is “pleasure” in reference to religious experience? We see this question frequently addressed by post-Modern Christians through their use of “contemporary worship,” which succeeds for them by manufacturing for the worshiper a “pleasurable experience” and thus a standard for determining the reality of their personal connection with God. Post-Modern Christians, often of charismatic tendencies, use this man-made experience as a measure of the Holy Spirit’s presence and working, and thus also as a measure of His endorsement of a given ministry – the more passionate, more exuberant, more “spiritual,” more authentic, more “whatever...,” the worshipers’ experience is, the greater the Holy Spirit’s work among the people, and the more confidence worshipers can have that the “truth” is present and God is at work in them and through them.
In some circles, however, the pursuit and experience of “pleasure” is a measure of whether a person is saved or not. In Dr. John Piper’s
Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist, he makes precisely this connection, first noting from philosophy that
happiness is not only the deepest longing of human nature,
6 it is also a command from God that we are required to obey,
7 then suggesting that Scripture could have more poignantly read, “‘Unless a man be born again
into a Christian Hedonist he cannot see the kingdom of God’”
8 and eventually stating most directly that “
The pursuit of joy in God is not optional …Until your heart has hit upon this pursuit, your ‘faith’ cannot please God.
It is not saving faith.”
9 Of course, this non-optional pursuit of ‘the joy that is to be had in God’ is tied to worship experience as well. After first denigrating liturgical worship as “empty formalism and traditionalism... [which] produces dead orthodoxy and a church full (or half-full) of artificial admirers,”
10 and later reiterating his disdain for traditional worship as “the empty performance of ritual,”
11 “the grinding out of doctrinal laws from collections of biblical facts,”
12 and “misguided virtue, smother[ing] the spirit of worship,”
13 we are informed by Dr. Piper that, in fact, human emotion is the ends for which a worshiper strives; that is, that the worshiper ought to achieve affective experience through his acts of worship: “Happiness in God is the end of all our seeking”
14; “All genuine emotion is an end in itself”
15; “God is
more glorified when we delight in His magnificence.”
16 According to Dr. Piper, the worship that true Christians are commanded to engage can be described as follows:
Now we can complete our picture. The fuel of worship is a true vision of the greatness of God; the fire that makes the fuel burn white hot is the quickening of the Holy Spirit; the furnace made alive and warm by the flame of truth is our renewed spirit; and the resulting heat of our affections is powerful worship, pushing its way out in confessions, longings, acclamations, tears, songs, shouts, bowed heads, lifted hands, and obedient lives.17
Although I am quite certain that Dr. Piper himself is no card-carrying post-Modernist, the highly charged experiential language used by him, and his use of that experience as a soteriological and axiological point of reference, drives his readers to their own experience as a source of confirmation regarding their own salvation and certainty in living out their faith, and into a post-Modern worldview.
Of course, one may wonder why I would dwell so much on the writings of a minister of the Baptist General Conference, who is probably unknown to most confessional Lutherans. The first answer is that I know Dr. Piper is read by members of our Lutheran church body who are desperately looking for a scriptural defense for their requirement of experiential and highly self-referential worship practice and Christian living. If the reader does a Google search, he may just bump into a couple of confessional Lutheran blogs extolling Piper’s version of Christian Hedonism. The second answer is that Piper is a respected author and scholar among Reformed evangelicals – who are working seriously to guide their movement back to some sort of orthodox grounding. As an indication of his importance, his works on Christian Hedonism are featured as “modern classics” in the recently completed Omnibus series (in the high school textbooks IV-VI) – a Western Civilization curriculum that is highly regarded among Christian Educators who follow Classical pedagogy. Such is a picture of the insidious and pervading force of post-Modernism at work in society, of finding its way into the church through society, and of coming to dominate her language, and thus the thinking and acting of Christians. It is the wolf slipping in among the sheep, against which the shepherds are charged to be vigilant.
- Feminist Spirituality: Liberation From the Text
: Most of feminism today has taken its place as part of the post-Modernist shift in thinking... They are among those who conclude that we can construct new realities based on the notion of socially constructed reality... Post-Modern literary theory focuses on the reader, rather than the author, as source and judge of a text’s meaning... [and] for feminist analysis, “women’s experience” is an interpretive community [since] they share the experience of oppression by males and male dominated society... Feminist
theology attempts to legitimize “women’s experience” [as an interpretive community] by approaching the Bible as an artifact of male oppression... [and] claim that sexism remains a part of the scriptural narrative throughout. While some biblical perspectives on women may be progressive, they argue, such views cannot erase other, blatantly exploitative ones. Nor can we minimize the influence of such texts with the church and in Western culture... Therefore, feminist theologians call for a “liberation from the text.”
Liberation from the text means identifying sexist passages and rejecting or reinterpreting them... [with] women’s experience the inviolable rule in hermeneutics.
[quoting Margaret Farley] “Whatever contradicts those convictions cannot be accepted as having the authority of an authentic revelation of truth. It is simply a matter of there being no turning back. We can be dispossessed of our best insights, proven wrong in our judgments. But as long as those insights continue to make sense to us, and as long as our basic judgments seem to us incontrovertible, there can be no turning back. So it is with feminist consciousness and the interpretation of scripture.”
[Accordingly,] feminist interpreters challenge, rework, or reject much of scripture based on its patriarchal content, [even] deconstructing passages that don’t seem to challenge their views. Post-Modern “subversive readings” uncover hidden elements of patriarchy... [such as] the creation of women out of man (Gen. 2:21-24)...
Finally... many feminist theologians find the cause of women part of the message of the Old Testament prophets [who often] denounced economic and social exploitation of the poor. Feminists identify women’s experience with that of the poor and oppressed... aware that including sexism in the prophetic attack on social injustice goes beyond the clear meaning of the text:
[quoting Rosemary Radford Ruether] “In responding to such a justified objection, one must be clear about the sociology of consciousness of all critical prophetic culture. One cannot reify [elevate cultural beliefs or practices to the level of the sacred] any critical prophetic movement... simply as definitive texts, once and for all established in the past, which then set the limits of consciousness of the meaning of liberation...”
Ruether justifies expanding the prophetic message to include sexism based on what she terms the “sociology of consciousness” [which is a reference to post-Modern epistemology, i.e., knowledge is a social construction]. According to post-Modern interpreters like Ruether, readers are tied to their culture, and as cultures change so does the meaning of the text. That is why she cautions, “One cannot
reify any critical prophetic movement...” No text, in other words, is ever definitive or final. As social conditions give rise to new thought forms, we should expect fresh meanings to be drawn from the same scriptures.
18Here again, we have a clear example of post-Modernism, not just referencing individual experience, but the perceived
common experience, or
shared narrative, of “exploited women” throughout history, and the use of this subjective point of reference to adjudicate matters of Divine Truth. We see the application of
experiential hermeneutics, of drawing meaning from the experiences recounted in anecdotal (i.e., the “unclear” or “descriptive”) sections of Scripture, and from extra-biblical historical narrative, and pitting modern perceptions of those experiences against the direct positive statements (i.e., the “clear” or “prescriptive” statements) of Scripture as a means of casting doubt on the otherwise clear meaning of the texts involved in these issues, or of qualifying or overruling them, and as a means of provoking the modern reader to receive the language of the ancient texts through the lens of perceived consensus regarding gender issues in modern society (elsewhere in this chapter, McCallum points out the reality that in many cases, this “perceived consensus” is itself the result of active repression not only in the media, but in the public universities, private colleges and Christian seminaries). And inevitably, we see an attack on the Order of Creation itself, to which St. Paul appeals in establishing the basis for the type of order he was specifically prescribing for the Church – which included the congregation(s) to which he directly applied this basis.
And as the reader may well be aware, the WELS is no stranger to feminist theology. In 1995, St. James Lutheran Church of West St. Paul, MN, was finally suspended from membership in WELS after a
decade-long drama which included all of the above post-Modern, feminist attacks against the clear, direct positive statements of Scripture regarding gender roles and suffrage. From a small stack of papers in my possession, ranging in dates from 1984 to 1993, I adduce the following as evidence of this drama:
1993: In an open letter to all members of the WELS,
Mrs. Grace Bartel, after a page of heartfelt criticism of Scripture teaching founded upon questions derived in large part from the inconsistency of WELS practice, begins on page two by dismissing Scripture’s teaching regarding gender roles and suffrage based on the cultural differences between ancient and contemporary times. She writes:
Fortunately for me I found answers to all my questions. Titus 2:5 explains that women were urged to be in submission in Paul’s day “so that no one will malign the word of God,” since society in those days would have been turned off by a religion in which women were treated as equals (Gal. 3:28 and Matt. 20:25-27). Today we live in a society where many earnest Christian and non-Christian men and women are repulsed by a religion that advocates keeping any group of people in submission. And the Gospel will be hindered today if we do not treat “father and mother” as equals in the family, as the Bible does, and women as equal partners in the spreading of the Gospel, as the Bible teaches. Now there are no inconsistencies in the Bible for me, and it speaks the same message throughout... I am free to serve my Saviour to the best of my ability with all of my talents without fear. And my fellow WELS women who vote, teach men, are in authority over men, and speak the Word of God to men need never again worry that they might be sinning against God or hurting their relationship with God by falling out of their role. There is no prescribed role...
Here we plainly see the
experience of contemporary culture pitted against the
perceived experience of an ancient culture, the result of which is a filter to reinterpret the clear testimony of the Scriptures. It’s really too bad, since the stated
perceived experience, if it is meant of Jewish or Christian culture, is really the result of appalling ignorance. The fact is, the Jews, and the Christians following them, were
unique in this regard from nearly all other peoples of that time: in point of fact, they
highly valued their women and their children. Following the command of God, Jewish men
and women were educated and possessed sufficient literacy so as to daily teach their own children in the home from the Scriptures, to daily read the written Scriptures which were carried in frontlets or phylacteries, and to write God’s Law on their door frames and read the words written there. Theological literacy was considered the highest value among the Jews, and from the earliest of times a network of schools had been established and was maintained throughout Judaism for this purpose. Segregating themselves from the influence of surrounding cultures, the Jews were in this way unique among the Semitic cultures, which were otherwise illiterate and relied principally on oral transmission, and they remained unique with respect to the other pagan cultures which surrounded them. It is significant that we read in the New Testament that St. Timothy’s own mother and grandmother taught him, as a young child, from the Scriptures, and it is equally significant that it was not considered odd or out of place for Jesus to be in the Temple talking with the teachers about the Scriptures (since it was expected for children to have begun their training in the reading of the Hebrew scriptures by age five, and their formal training by age ten
19), other than that he was so well versed in their teaching (and the fact that his parents had quite obviously expected him to be in the caravan with them on their return to Galilee). Resisting the urge to go into too much detail, I will quote briefly in this regard from Edersheim’s
Sketches of Jewish Social LifeStrange as it may sound, it is strictly true that, beyond the boundaries of Israel, it would be scarcely possible to speak with any propriety of family life, or even of the family, as we understand these terms. It is significant, that the Roman historian Tacitus should mark it as something special among the Jews (Hist. v. 5) – which they shared with the ancient barbarian Germans – that they regarded it as a crime to kill their offspring! This is not the place to describe the exposure of children, or the various crimes by which ancient Greece and Rome, in the days of their highest culture, sought to rid themselves of what was regarded as superfluous population. Few of those who have learned to admire classical antiquity have a full conception of any one phase in its social life – whether of the position of women, the relation of the genders, slavery, the education of children, their relation to their parents, or the state of public morality. Fewer still have combined all these features into one picture, and that not merely as exhibited by the lower orders, or even the higher classes, but as fully owned and approved by those whose names have descended in the admiration of ages as the thinkers, the sages, the poets, the historians, and the statesmen of antiquity. Assuredly, St. Paul’s description of the ancient world in the first and second chapters of his Epistle to the Romans must have appeared to those who lived in the midst of it as Divine even in its tenderness, delicacy, and charity; the full picture under bright sunlight would have been scarcely susceptible of exhibition. For such a world, there was only one alternative – either the judgment of Sodom, or the mercy of the Gospel and the healing of the Cross.20
In point of fact, the Christians under St. Paul did
not unfairly treat their women so as to fit in with Roman society and thus make the Gospel more palatable to them – this is patently absurd. On the contrary, as a matter of historical fact, they stood apart and in dramatic distinction from Roman society, so much so that the Romans recognized it and commented on it in various writings. As within Judaism, women and children were
highly valued among the Christians, and just as uniquely, literacy and the ability to study and understand the Bible being paramount, the women were educated alongside the men. Though they were subject to roles according to their gender, they were by no means “repressed” or “exploited” but lovingly equipped and enabled to function within their roles. As stated by Edersheim, the concept of “family” in Western Culture today, and of relationships within the family, results entirely from Christian influence in society, and cannot be applied or used to interpret or characterize relationships in pagan Roman culture at large during the Apostolic period. Isolating the naked fact that ancient Jewish or Christian cultures were more “male dominated” than contemporary Western culture as a basis for criticizing Scripture’s teaching on gender roles, particularly when lacking any reference to the jarring contrast the culture of Christianity offered in the face of Roman culture –
especially with respect to the value of women and children and their treatment! – is a contrived and abusive use of historical trivia. In this regard, the eminent Church Historian, Dr. Phillip Schaff, capsulizes well the impact of Christian teaching in society, and sets the record straight:
Under the inspiring influence of the spotless purity of Christ’s teaching and example... the Christian church from the beginning asserted the individual rights of man, recognized the divine image in every rational being, taught the common creation and common redemption, the destination of all for immortality and glory, raised the humble and the lowly, comforted the prisoner and captive, the stranger and the exile, proclaimed chastity as a fundamental virtue, elevated woman to dignity and equality with man, upheld the sanctity and inviolability of the marriage tie, laid the foundation of a Christian family and happy home, moderated the evils and undermined the foundations of slavery, opposed polygamy and concubinage, emancipated the children from the tyrannical control of parents, denounced the exposure of children as murder, made relentless war upon the bloody games of the arena and the circus, and the shocking indecencies of the theatre, upon cruelty and oppression and every vice, infused into a heartless and loveless world the spirit of love and brotherhood, transformed sinners into saints, frail women into heroines, and lit up the darkness of the tomb by the bright ray of unending bliss in heaven. Christianity reformed society from the bottom, and built upwards until it reached the middle and higher classes, and at last the emperor himself. Then, soon after the conversion of Constantine it began to influence legislation, abolished cruel institutions, and enacted laws which breathe the spirit of justice and humanity. We may deplore the evils which followed in the train of the union of church and state, but we must not over look its many wholesome effects upon the Justinian code which gave Christian ideas an institutional form and educational power for whole generations to this day. From that time on also began the series of charitable institutions for widows and orphans, for the poor and the sick, the blind and the deaf, the intemperate and criminal, and for the care of all unfortunate – institutions which we seek in vain in any other but Christian countries.21
Lift up your head, O Christian! Embrace your noble past and your central position in the greatness of Western Civilization! But begin by actually studying the facts, please.
1984: In a pastoral conference paper entitled,
Issues Involved in the Consideration of Woman’s Suffrage in the Church, author
Terry L. Laabs first observes that
The “traditionalists” cling to I Corinthians 11 and I Corinthians 14, I Timothy 2, and Genesis 2 (in roughly that arrangement) and deal with those “clear” words that seem to forbid a woman to “speak,” “teach” or “usurp authority” over a man, all supported by the “Order of Creation,” part of “God’s holy immutable will, the Moral Law.” The “revisionists” appeal to a much wider view of the Biblical record, studying the relationships and roles of men and women “historically” have held among God’s people, paying careful attention to the Old Testament as it present itself (without commentary of the New), dwelling especially on the “actions and attitudes of Jesus” toward women, and seeking to understand the apostolic writings “in their historical setting,” in view of all the preceding. (pp. 1-2)
Laabs then proceeds, in the very next paragraph to throw his lot in with the “revisionists,” casting doubt on the Lutheran hermeneutical standard of relying on the direct positive sections of Scripture to establish doctrine
[I]sn’t the wider view of the Biblical witness the better approach, the more Scripturally responsible approach? Extensive discussions of the classic “Pauline prohibitions” without taking into consideration the whole flow of the Bible’s record can be dangerous. Could someone, locked onto “let women be silent in the churches,” fail to give due consideration to the prophesying daughters of Phillip? (pg. 2)
Here we see, as the post-Modern feminists are wont to do, meaning derived from modern interpretation of ancient
experiences and thereby elevated from anecdotal status to the position of either establishing doctrine, or of qualifying other direct positive statements of Scripture. Laabs then goes on to approvingly quote author Robert Johnston from the Dec. 1978 edition of
Reformed Journal, in offering “some helpful hermeneutical principles for proceeding with our studies...” One of them was taken almost directly from the feminist platform described by McCallum, above: “Some translations must be corrected for their sexist bias” (pg. 3).
In this early paper, Laabs attacks the “Order of Creation” to which St. Paul appeals as a basis for prescribing gender roles for the Church. His tactic is to sow doubt, asking a series of questions,
By moral law, do we mean those things which according to God we are to do and be, the transgression of which is sin? ...does not the moral law... apply to all people of all time? Can we make the subordination of every woman to every man, supposedly found in the “Order of Creation,” part of the moral law? ...Dare we say that this idea of different roles for God’s created and redeemed creatures solely on the basis of sex is a part of the Moral Law of God for all people of all times? Also, what significance are we to give to the order in which God created? Where is the warrant to imply that the chronological order in which God made successive parts of his creation dictates with nature or function? (pg. 4)
And then declare, “Clarification is needed in our thinking and understanding of these concepts” (pg. 4)
Laabs continues, finally making it to the question of suffrage halfway through the paper (pg. 5). As in the case of interpreting the silence of women in the churches according to the story of Phillip’s prophesying daughters, Laabs again relies on anecdotal sections of Scripture, rather than direct positive statements, to establish that since it isn’t clear in Acts 1 whether only men, or both men and women, were participants in the selection of a replacement for Judas, and since it is not clear in Acts 6 whether only men, or both men and women, were present at the congregational meeting (“all the disciples”) to select male bishops, there is no reason to assume that the women were not present and part of the decision making process, and thus there is every basis to allow suffrage in the church today – despite the implications such a conclusion has with respect to the direct positive statements of Scripture in 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and I Timothy 2:11-12 (use of which he regards as a “nonchalant” catering to the predispositions of “traditional society”).
In the final pages of this paper, Laabs offers his approach for dealing with “the Sticky Texts” in I Corinthians 11 & 14, and in I Timothy 2. As one might imagine, his approach was first to question our understanding of St. Paul’s appeal to the “Order of Creation,” suggesting that “if no one until Paul found subordination in Eden, perhaps his words can be understood in a way other than necessitating a subordinate role for Eve in the created order” (pg. 7). To build such an understanding, he goes outside of Scripture, to the historical investigations of Richard and Catherine Kroeger (who did some fairly significant research into the cultic sexual practices common in pagan Rome at that time), to establish a rationale for suggesting that immediate cultural factors were the reason St. Paul issued his gender based prohibitions, perhaps not intending them for all Christians of all times, but only for those in the congregations named by him (pp. 8-9). Again, casting aside the direct positive statements of Scripture, again, improperly elevating anecdotal experiential evidence to cast doubt upon the direct positive statements of Scripture, and using extra biblical historical narrative to qualify Scripture’s testimony, are all post-Modern usages of
experience, of using the narrative of ancient cultures in a way that resonates with our own narrative, to create meaning from it that is equivalent to, which casts doubt upon, or which overthrows the direct positive statements of the Scriptures.
1985: In a paper entitled
What does “Headship” of the Man (Husband) Mean in the Bible where it is used?, the author,
Richard Stadler, struggles mightily to do a single thing: create doubt regarding the Greek word κεφαλή (kephale), which means “head”. He begins by teasing the reader with the following leading questions
Much is said in the discussion of the role of man and woman about the “headship” of man. The word “headship” is not used in the New Testament. Instead, there are a number of passages where it is said that “the man is the head of the woman,” or “the husband is the head of the wife.” It is assumed by some who comment on these passages that to be the “head” of someone else means to “have authority over” or to be in a position of “superiority” or “leadership.” Is that what the word “head” means when used in the New Testament? Is that what the word “head”means when used in those passages which appear to be discussing the relationship between men and women, husbands and wives? (pg. 1)
In the two pages which follow, he adduces from the major lexicons the accepted definitions of the Greek word
kephale, first listing the definitions offered by Liddell & Scott (1869), then by Thayer (1886), then by Bauer, Arndt & Gingrich (1957) – all of which agreed squarely with what Laabs (above) would refer to as the “traditionalist” perspective. Following this, Stadler then inserted a rather sophomoric “Caution About Lexicons”:
A lexicon is a book written by fallible human beings who must make decisions about how words in a foreign language are used and what they mean. They make judgment calls which will sometimes betray some of their own assumptions about relationships and reality. The way they use one passage to illustrate the meaning of a Greek word may tell us as much about what they assume to be true about life as it does about the Greek text in front of us... So, we will look at the verses in which kephale occurs in the New Testament and we will test what the lexicographers have said and determine for ourselves whether we agree with the descriptions they have written and the conclusions they have reached (pg. 3).
Stadler was apparently desperate to draw the reader’s attention away from the virtual unanimity of the top three Greek lexicons. This reader wasn’t exactly impressed, to say the least. Regardless, miracle of miracles, on the next page Stadler “surprises” the reader with the revelation that he found a lexicon (Mickelson) of the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament), from which one could draw the suggestion that perhaps
kephale might mean something more, or less, or different, that what has been “traditionally” thought. Mickelson reported that
ROSH, the Hebrew word for “head” which is used over 600 times in the Old Testament, in around 400 cases simply meant a physical “head” – the thing on top a person’s or an animal’s body. In around 180 of the remaining cases, the Greek work
archon was used to translate the Hebrew
ROSH, a word which also means “ruler, commander, leader,” and in only 18 cases was the word
ROSH translated by the Greeks as the word
kephale (in a way that also clearly meant leadership and authority). “Therefore,” suggests Stadler,
maybe we have to be very careful not to read “leadership,” “authority” and “superiority” into that word kephale when it is used in the New Testament. It may not have been an automatic connotation that the word had. Instead, it may have more naturally called to mind the notion of being the “SOURCE,” “the BEGINNING POINT,” the EXTREMITY, TOP, CROWN. If so, it may influence what we learn about relationships between men and women, husbands and wives, Christ and His church, God and Christ, as God wants them to be (pg. 4).
The remainder of Stadler’s “study” is more of the same open-ended questioning regarding the accepted meaning of common words, without offering any form of rigorous or definitive conclusion of his own. Instead, all that is offered is doubt regarding what the Scriptures actually say. And this is the formula of post-Modernism – to cast sufficient doubt upon the capacity of human expression to carry the truth. Can we really be confident in language that is expressed apart from the social experience which ought to attend it? Even if we were members of the native culture in which the ancient languages were expressed, since our understanding is so dependent upon social experience, and since experience varies between individuals even in a common and close-knit culture, does our experience sufficiently inform our interpretation to confidently say we can receive the truth via any form of human expression? Or does variation of human experience inevitably render human expression an unsuitable vessel for the conveyance of truth? These are the language games played by post-Modernists: it could be this, it could be that, but who really knows for sure?
1990 (?): In an undated congregational declaration supporting women’s suffrage (which internally makes reference to a past date of January 1990) entitled,
Women of God in the Church of Christ and Suffrage,
Rev. David Sievert, assisted by a mixed gender Bible Study Committee appointed by the Elders of his congregation, St. Matthew’s, makes use of all of the post-Modern techniques covered so far. Addressing the “Order of Creation” in Part I, Rev. Sievert casts doubt upon its established meaning by emphasizing the full equality of man and woman in bearing God’s image, and forcefully denying that subordination was any part of Eve’s role as
helper:
The Bible teaches that woman and man were created for full and equal partnership. The words ‘helper’ (ezer) used to designate woman in Genesis 2:18 is used of God in many instances in the Old Testament (e.g. 2 Sam. 7:12; Ps. 121:1-2), and consequently the word ‘helper’ (ezer) conveys no implication of female subordination or inferiority (pg. 1).
Continuing to emphasize the equality of man and woman, he notes that they “were co-participants in the Fall... and equally guilty before God” (pg. 1) and that redemption was for women as well as men (pg. 1), and that the Holy Spirit indwelled and empowered men and women equally (pg. 2). Following this (pp. 2-3), Sievert adduces an impressive list of anecdotal references indicating that women actively served in some way in the church (although, no explanation is given in Scripture regarding the circumstances of this service, or the doctrine under which this service was offered – which is generally true of anecdotal references and the reason they have been designated in Lutheran hermeneutics as categorically
unclear), obviously, again, following the post-Modern formula of absorbing the narrative of ancient cultures through the lens of modern experience in order to create meaning that can be elevated to the level occupied by direct positive statements that are used in Scripture. Finally, in this section, Sievert adduces Scripture regarding service in the Church which teaches that “humility, meekness and service are [God’s] way” (pg. 3), and indicating that it is a mistake to consider gender based authority or roles have any part in the Church’s order – meekness and humility describe the manner in which service is carried out in the church, not authority or gender. He concludes this first section as follows:
The Bible teaches that women are created equally with men, have been fully redeemed by the Lord Jesus Christ along with men, and have the Spirit of God leading them as well as the Spirit leads men, and have had an active role in the history of Christ’s Church. On the basis of Scripture, we do not find that a woman is unworthy or unqualified to vote in a congregation meeting, and to suggest the same is to ignore what Scripture is saying. Women have done far more, according to Scripture, to influence the spread of the Kingdom that would voting in a congregational meeting (pg. 3).
Notice that in Sievert’s case “the basis of Scripture” means sweeping aside St. Paul’s invocation of the Order of Creation as a basis for his prescription of gender based authority and roles in the congregation, finding, independent of St. Paul’s use and declaration concerning it, that the Creation Account “conveys no implication of female subordination;” means extending, on the basis of reason, equality as bearers of the Image of God, as co-participants in the Fall, as redeemed children of God without respect to gender, to equality in all things in the Church, including equality in the roles of service men and women fulfill, even in the face of Scripture’s direct injunctions to the contrary; and means marshaling the power of ancient narrative to
create meaning from otherwise categorically unclear anecdotal references in a way which militates against the clear message of the
direct positive statements of Scripture.
The rest of the paper follows in a similar fashion. Addressing I Corinthians 14 (pg. 5), Sievert dismisses any suggestion that it refers to any woman who isn’t married (as he does with I Corinthians 11 and I Timothy 2), or that it refers to any relationship she may have with or to any man, other than her husband. Similarly regarding I Corinthians 11 (pp. 5-6), invoking extra-biblical historical narrative to color the Scripture’s meaning in this section, Sievert concludes that the issue has nothing to do with order in the Church: “Paul’s concern is not that women should not pray or prophesy in the church services, but that married women honor their husbands while they do so” (pg. 6). Finally, regarding I Timothy 2 (pp. 6-7), Sievert argues from the classic egalitarian platform, that it isn’t teaching or authority the woman is prohibited from, it is, rather, teaching or exercising authority
in a certain way: “The argument here is that if a wife teaches indiscriminately, especially in the presence of men, she may become so pufffed up that she would be tempted to lord it over him. The principle of the Apostle is that a wife should avoid any activity which will in any way adversely affect her marital relationship” (pg. 7).
UNDATED: Finally, a paper written by
Rev. Iver C. Johnson, undoubtedly before his congregation (St. James, West St. Paul) was suspended from WELS in 1995, and, I would guess, subsequent to his congregation’s public declaration of women’s suffrage in 1989, and call to other WELS congregations to follow their lead. The paper is entitled
Those Viewpoints and Aspects on the Issue which I Feel are most Important to Remember and Clarify in the Present Committee Discussions and Future Synodical Discussions about the Role of Man and Woman According to Scripture. I’m not going to dwell too much on this paper, as it demonstrates the same post-Modern proclivities of dwelling on human experience to create new meaning and marshaling that new meaning against the clear, direct positive statements of Scripture. One thing worth noting is a distinction he starts his paper with – a distinction also employed by Sievert and Laabs. He sets up an either/or scenario, again regarding the “Order of Creation” and it’s relationship to God’ Moral Law, as follows:
A. In this life on earth, are women subordinate to men according to an “immutable and holy will of God” (also called “Moral Law”) according to an “Order of Creation” established in a perfect, created world as it is described in Genesis?
-OR-
B. Do women “self-subordinate” (hypotasso) themselves (when they choose to become wives) to the leadership of some specific men (their husbands) who reciprocally “self-subordinate” themselves to these women in return (and to the needs of any children such a marital relationship produces) (pg. 1).
This is, of course a false dichotomy. Under the Gospel, Christians willingly and cheerfully submit themselves to God’s Moral Law. For example, as the Ten Commandments inform us, God’s immutable will for all people of all time is that they not commit murder. Most Christians willingly and cheerfully live in obedience to God’s will in this matter. Yet, for them to voluntarily do so does not also necessarily require that God’s Moral Law be silent on the issue. Likewise, just because something is an aspect of God’s Moral Law, does not mean that Christian’s do not also submit to it willingly. Johnson, in setting up this dichotomy, paints A as Law and B as Gospel, implying the choice “Do you want to live under Law or under Gospel?” He immediately proceeds to assist the reader in this choice by rejecting A, offering (in part) as his reasoning the negative experiences of those who live under A, stating, for example, that
- “It introduces the hint that some sort of caste system exists among men and women” (pg. 2)
- “It binds consciences and evokes guilt in hearts of sincere Christian men and women who feel uncomfortable when social, business, professional, and political conditions place them in positions which they are told violate a Moral Law of God” (pg. 2).
The consequence of accepting B and rejecting A, of course, is that all gender based authority or role considerations are entirely restricted to the marriage relationship – and this is the use made not only by Johnson, but Sievert (pp. 1,4) and Laabs (pp. 4,10), as well.
Another notable employment of post-Modern hermeneutics is found in Johnson’s appeal to “the attitudes and actions of Jesus” (pg. 6) as “the most important basis for a position on [gender] roles” (pg. 6). Johnson does not find the clear objective meaning found in the direct positive statements of Scripture to be valuable in addressing gender roles, but prefers the subjective assignment of meaning to ancient narratives as they are received through the lens of contemporary experience, and in following paragraphs develops prescriptive teaching from observations of Christ’s psychology and interpersonal relational skills:
Jesus came to liberate every human being. He always showed a high regard for the personhood of everyone he met, and taught them to affirm themselves... We dare be no different. We dare no give the impression of being different. We ought to correct any ways we are not like Jesus! (pg. 7)
Ongoing challenges from feminist sources in WELS, confessional Lutheranism, and throughout greater ChristianityYes, WELS endured an entire decade, and more, of ardent feminist theology that had wormed its way into the mainstream of our theological discussion. We see, even in the few papers discussed above, how time and again, post-Modern epistemology was clearly dominant in the thinking of those advocating feminist positions, as, time and again, these authors resorted to the creation of meaning through the use of
shared narrative rather than acknowledge the already clear meaning of direct positive statements. Assuredly, those impacted by this saga were not restricted to those who were eventually suspended from WELS or who otherwise left. Most of those impacted and closely involved are still with us. One notable ongoing issue remains women suffrage, and a growing trend in dealing with this issue is to simply adopt a congregational political structure which eliminates voters and voting. It’s called the “Consensus Model of Governance” – a model called for in the 1984 paper written by Terry Laabs:
We need to recognize that much of the decision-making within the church now is done within a legal, not evangelical, framework. Robert’s Rules of Order has tyrannized the church for too long. Instead of sitting down in Christian love and concern and developing a consensus, we too easily and quickly rush to judgment with a vote, thereby guaranteeing that there will be not only winners but also losers. Is it possible to implement a new church polity, based on mutual submission in love and consensus decisions? (pg. 10)
Many churches are considering such a political platform, in order to involve women in congregational leadership and decision making while circumventing the suffrage issue, and, I am told, several have already adopted it.
Outside of WELS in confessional Lutheranism, but of no less influence on us, attacks on St. Paul’s use of the “Order of Creation” as God’s Moral Law for the ordering of the home, church and society, continue to abound. Iver Johnson attacked the “Order of Creation” as Moral Law, by first belittling it as merely a chronology of Creation events (pg. 3), and then by subjecting such an order to a “Teleology of Creation” (pp. 4-6) and declaring that St. Paul’s use of the generic terms “man” and “woman” and appeal to the “Order of Creation” as a “Moral Law” must be understood within the framework of Teleology, from within the framework of God’s creative purpose as we understand it from the created biological function of “man” and “woman”:
any inference drawn [regarding such a purpose] ought to from [their] functional relationship as married man and woman. They were created for husband-ness, wife-ness and parent-ness! (pg. 6)
More rigorous and recent attacks against the “Order of Creation” in regard to gender roles are derived from the standpoint of ontology. Consider the following recent comments by Rev. Matthew Becker (LCMS), Associate Professor of Theology at Valparaiso University, which were offered by him in
a thread on the blog Brothers of John the Steadfast discussing one of his blog articles, and observe his employment of the same post-Modern viewpoints discussed hertofor, as he reasons that since Christ’s maleness is inconsequential to His redemptive office, the gender of His Representative in the Office of the Holy Ministry is also inconsequential:
TR Halvorson...
I’m not a fan of syllogisms, as they are not usually helpful in theology, as Dr. Luther frequently pointed out. Nevertheless, if I had to put my argument into a syllogism it would be as follows:
- What is not assumed by the divine Logos is not saved;
- The divine Logos assumed human nature by being incarnated as a male;
- Therefore the incarnate Logos has saved all who share human nature, male and female.
A subsequent syllogism would be as follows:
- The incarnate Logos includes in his person the nature of all human beings, male and female;
- The person of Christ speaks and acts today through the pastoral office;
- Therefore, the pastoral office is to be filled by a human being, either male or female.
Dr. Kilrease,
I did not say that Jesus’ being a male was “irrelevant.” I said that his being a male is not essential for his work of redeeming human beings. For Christ to redeem humankind, both men and women, the Logos needed to assume human nature, which the Logos did by being born of the virgin Mary...
I do not think the pastoral ministry is one of power or dominion. It is indeed, as you correctly note, a ministry of humble service. Both men and women are called by God’s Spirit into this ministry, as the prophet Joel said would happen and as the Apostle Paul acknowledged in First Corinthians 11.
Liberal, western, egalitarian society is what it is. I happen to think that liberal political values that defend the dignity and equality of all human beings are fully consistent with the gospel of Christ and the dictates of Christian love. Moreover, if you have trouble with women being called by God to serve as apostles (Junia), prophetesses (Corinth and elsewhere), teachers (Priscilla), and pastors (1000s today), take that up with God’s Spirit (Joel; the Acts of the Apostles). One shouldn’t be surprised by such an outpouring of the Spirit upon men and women in these latter days…
David Busby,
I do in fact support change within the LC-MS so that women are allowed to serve as pastors and teachers of theology.
TR Halvorson,
Because there is a cultural and historical gap between ourselves and ancient texts, whether the US Constitution or the much older and far more distant Holy Scriptures, the same hermeneutical principles will apply to both. There are many biblical texts that do not mean today what they meant in the ancient world, as even Dr. Luther acknowledged.
Worth noting in Dr. Becker’s commentary is his use of gender-neutral language. The key to maintaining his line of reasoning has little to do with direct positive statements of Scripture, which don’t mean today what they meant a century ago, or a millennia or two ago anyway, but with (a) the meaning derived from the narrative of ancient experiences, and (b) a use of language which avoids the identification of gender altogether. If terms like “he” and “man” are left unspoken, there is no reinforcement of any notion that gender is a consideration in any role, whether in the home, church, or society.
Liberation from the TextFor hardened feminists, this is the objective that is served by “gender-neutral” Bibles – to strip all sexist language from the Scriptures, including all potentially “subversive readings,”as noted by McCallum, above.
For consistent post-Modernists, the objective of “gender-neutral” language, and all language enhancements of Scripture or any other work of literature which liberates the reader from a didactic framework of interpretation, is to embrace the new reality such enhancements offer through a fresh experience with the texts – truth is not entirely relevant, neither is understanding the truth held by the Apostles themselves, nor preserving it, but the experience of something familiar in a new way, that opens the door to fuller knowledge and a new reality. And it
is a post-Modern experience of the text which lies at the root of Dynamic Equivalence (which translators are now using interchangeably with the term “Functional Equivalence”). We get a glimpse of this in a recent
Christianity Today editorial, expressing deep disappointment in the resolution of the Southern Baptist Convention to reject the NIV 2011. In this editorial, we read:
No single translation method can possibly convey with complete accuracy the biblical text. An Italian proverb sums it up well: Traduttore traditore, "The translator is a traitor." There is, indeed, always something lost in translation. So we need both formal and functional equivalence biblical translations. Formal equivalence translations highlight what the text literally said. Functional equivalent translations highlight how that text was originally heard.
The bolded section in the above quote betrays the post-Modern worldview of the author,
requiring an experience of hearing and understanding which transcends what the inspired text itself records. How would anyone know what was heard, if what was heard cannot be known from what was recorded in the inspired texts? How can anyone relive the experience of “hearing,” if what is recorded is not sufficient to provide that experience? What additional resources, outside of the texts themselves, are required to support a “hearing” of the texts apart from what they said?
22 If what was recorded in the inspired texts lack the sufficiency themselves to communicate what was said,
and what was heard, what else does it lack the sufficiency to accomplish?
For the rest, and we’ll call them “accidental post-Modernists,” since they probably have never critically examined modern society from a philosophical perspective, and have no idea what is happening to them as they are carried along by pop-culture, the purpose for advocating genderless Bible translations could be any number of reasons, I suppose. One explanation I have heard, at least for our situation in the WELS, goes back to the St. James affair – of lasting guilt associated with the flying accusations of male oppression, or of deep political fear that a similar episode would rend our Synod. I’ll leave it to the reader to speculate beyond this.
ConclusionIn the end, continued uncritical adoption and use of post-Modern hermeneutical approaches, not to mention post-Modern ideologies of translation like Dynamic Equivalence, represent disaster on many levels, beginning with the fact that, even if it were a reliable and advantageous philosophy, from an academic standpoint post-Modernism is on the way out – there is no longer any academic brain trust to speak of, producing significant scholarship in this area (certainly not like there was in the 1970’s through the 1990’s). More importantly, the philosophy and hermeneutic of post-Modernism, in addition to the translation ideologies that are closely related to it, are entirely inconsistent with Lutheran hermeneutics, with confessional Christianity, and ultimately with the fundamental Christian doctrines of the perspecuity, sufficiency, authority, and inerrancy of Scripture. Even if it is claimed that post-Modern methodology “
can be used profitably,” all it does is train those who “profit” by it in a method which robs them of their individuality and makes them dependent upon a collectivist epistemology, driving them inward to assess the meaning of subjective experience with respect to the consensus of their social collective. The capacity of language itself to carry meaning? Gone. The perspicuity, sufficiency, and thus authority of Scripture? Gone. The objective promises of Christ? Gone. The inerrancy of the Scriptures? It can be claimed only insofar as Scripture is “expressed” in ways that produce meaning that is consistent with the consensus of a social group to which can be ascribed a
common body of experience or
shared narrative. As this narrative changes over time, the manner in which Scripture is expressed must also change. And so, every twenty years, we get a major Dynamic Equivalence revision of the Bible, with minor revisions, some of them significant, every five years or so, while meek and apologetic translators insist, “We
have to do it, since language has changed
so much.”
At least that was the ideology forty years ago, when post-Modernism was an active force in academia. What’s happened since then? There are innumerable factors, some of which I understand. One factor that interests me is the impact of contemporary pop-culture: it ruined the epistemology post-Modernism. More specifically, the internet ruined it, and anyone reading this may already understand why. Forty years ago, even twenty years ago, terms like “global community” and “cultural exchange” represented real possibilities for achieving “common understanding” and solidarity in a future “world society.” The objective was mutual cultural absorption (“multi-culturalism”), thinking that such a “tectonic shift” in the direction of cultural homogeneity would be sufficient to produce a workable worldwide unity (of course, there are some very serious political implications involved here...). It was something that was thought to theoretically be achievable, and seemed worth working toward in the social sphere. But with the proliferation of social networking applications and the rapid chaotic expansion of highly divergent virtual communities, the idea of “shared narrative” creating “common understanding” across “world society” became an utterly ridiculous suggestion. More importantly, it made the claims of post-Modernism essentially unverifiable. Virtual communities today are a testament to man’s natural pursuit of
segregation from others for the sake of his own interests – pure and simple. Significantly, the suggestion offered by this condition is that the individual is
not dependent upon community for meaning, but determines meaning independently, determines his own interests independently, and acts accordingly, either with or against community, independently. But virtual communities have done more than merely suggest the independence of the individual from community in determining meaning. They proved it. You see, individuals do not restrict themselves to a single community. In the phenomenon of virtual communities, one routinely sees a single individual taking on several distinct “virtual identities” and successfully floating between relatively divergent social contexts, each with their own unique “community narrative,” language and system of values. But how can the individual do this if he, in order to participate as a member of any community, must lose his autonomy and become dependent upon the collective to determine meaning? Answer: post-Modern collectivism is wrong. Individuals profitably function in divergent communities, playing their unique language games without being epistemologically dependent on them, because they recognize an authoritative
Form in language which transcends the community in which they are a participant, and adapt that form to the context in which they find themselves. In other words, virtual communities demonstrate that, (a) the individual, not the community, is the point of reference in questions of epistemology, and (b) the individual is not dependent on community to determine meaning, but, having determined it independently, uses community for his own purposes. What does he derive from his participation in one community or another? Utility. That’s right, basic, classical economic utility – and by “basic classical economics” I mean Thomas Hobbes, David Hume and Adam Smith.
But it shouldn’t sound strange to a Christian to hear that language has transcendent form, that it is
not a subjective social construction. Even a Sunday School student can tell you, “The many languages we have came directly from God – He gave them to people at the Tower of Babel.” Man didn’t invent them. Man constructed neither their form nor their content through common social experience, nor has community dictated their meaning through the ages. On the contrary, a transcendent God gave man language, complete with form and content, via which He communed with humanity’s first parents. In a single event, a transcendent God gave
multiple languages to man, complete with form and content, to
confound man’s efforts to unite, in a way that would not also deny individuals access to Him – and communities formed around those languages, not the other way around. And for the whole of time, a transcendent God has revealed Himself to individuals in the form of language, which He Himself has given for this purpose. Thus, if I want to know in English, what God recorded for me in Greek or Hebrew, I demand a translation which endeavors to do so from the standpoint of objective form, not from the standpoint of subjective community experience.
What do you say, dear reader?
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Endnotes:- For more on this point, along with some interesting speculation according to Dr. Pitirim Sorokin’s theory of cultural change, read Dr. Frederic W. Baue’s The Spiritual Society: What Lurks Beyond Postmodernism?
- The technical term here is metanarrative -- the layers of story from individual to society (through, say, family, friends, acquaintences, neighborhood, county, region, country, etc.) which carry meaning for the various layers of collective. Whether the stories themselves are known or not, the meaning is neverthless there, because the story is part of the community members' experience. For example, whether the story of the American Revolution is known or not, including the story of its foundation in the centuries of ideological development following the Renaissance, the political and social structures which resulted and are experienced by Americans today constitute their reality and ground their understanding in what it means to be a member of a free society. Of course, our experience of this "freedom" is far different than that of Americans 100 years ago, or of 200 years ago, therefore, the meaning of "freedom" has changed as our collective experience of it has changed. In post-Modernism, this is just fine, it's just the reality of changing truth.
- McCallum, D. (1996). The Death of Truth. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers. pg. 215
- Ibid. pp. 216-217.
- Ibid. pp. 218-220.
- Piper, J. (2003). Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian hedonist (2003 ed.). Sisters, Or: Multnomah Publishers. pg. 19.
- Ibid. pp. 9, 24-25.
- Ibid. pg. 55. (emphasis mine)
- Ibid. pg. 73. (emphasis mine)
- Ibid. pg. 81.
- Ibid. pg. 94.
- Ibid. pg. 100.
- Ibid. pg. 98.
- Ibid. pg. 90.
- Ibid. pg. 92.
- Ibid. pg. 97. (emphasis mine)
- Ibid. pg. 82. (BTW, Dr. Piper’s church, Bethlehem Baptist, in the Minneapolis metro area, is not far from Rev. Klemet Preus’ church, Glory of Christ Lutheran Church. I often wonder if the title of Rev. Preus’ excellent book on Lutheran practice, The Fire and the Staff: Lutheran Theology in Practice, wasn’t taken from this quote in Piper’s book, given that Preus’ work seems to be such an excellent Lutheran answer to Piper’s...)
- McCallum, D. (1996). The Death of Truth. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers. pp. 221-225.
- Edersheim, A. (1994). Sketches of Jewish Social Life. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprinted from the 1876 edition, updated with Scripture quotations from the NIV and fully documented citations from other sources). pg. 110-111.
- Ibid. pg. 115.
- Schaff, P. (1996). History of the Christian Church (Vol. 2, Ante-Nicene Christianity). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprinted from the fifth edition of Volume 2, originally published in 1889). pp. 385-386.
- Any answer here will elevate extra-biblical historical narrative of some sort as necessary to reproducing an experience of hearing what was “originally heard.”
As readers of Intrepid Lutherans may be aware, the philosophy of post-Modernism is a relatively frequent topic on these pages. A related, and perhaps more important topic, is the re-emergence of a religious movement which seems to share in some sort of symbiosis with post-Modernism: the rise of Gnosticism in the West. In the words quoted above (and as they were expanded in the footnotes of that paper), the false religion of Gnosticism received brief treatment, and later in that paper, under headings such as “Gnosticism and Pagan Teaching, Monasticism and Aristocratic Merit before God” and “Gnostic Challenges, Pragmatic Issues of Governance, and the Romanization of the Church,” was identified as a primary cause of lasting corruption in the Church. To my knowledge, this is the extent of attention Gnosticism has received from Intrepid Lutherans. But it hasn’t been otherwise unknown to us.
